Adding Schema.org Tags To A Site's Header: How And Which Schema?
Solution 1:
Update: The below answer is not fully correct. It is possible to express every Microdata within the head element, there is no need for a parent item on the head or html element. For an example, see this snippet from my comment on a related Schema.org issue, which uses a style element to create a top-level-item:
<head>
<style itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Thing" itemref="i1a i1b"></style>
<meta id="i1a" itemprop="name" content="Top-level item 1" />
<meta id="i1b" content="" itemprop="image" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemref="i1b-1a i1b-1b" />
<meta id="i1b-1a" itemprop="name" content="Nested item 1" />
<link id="i1b-1b" itemprop="contentUrl" href="image.png" />
</head>
Not a good practice, and it becomes chaotic because of all the needed itemref/id values, but it’s valid.
From the snippet you included in your question, only these elements contain Microdata:
<meta itemtype="http://schema.org/Product" itemscope="itemscope"/>
<meta content="Cheap Flights | Cheap Flights to Europe | Ryanair" itemprop="headline"/>
<meta content="Book Cheap Flights direct at the official Ryanair website for Europe's lowest fares. Fully allocated seating and much more now available online" itemprop="description"/>
<meta content="/static/images/seo/seo-logo-200.png" itemprop="image"/>
This code is not valid, and not doing what they probably want to achieve.
If you want to provide Microdata only in the head element (which wouldn’t make much sense, but let’s pretend) you need an element that can have child elements. Otherwise you can’t create a top-level Microdata item.
The only candidate is the head element itself, so you could only provide one item in the head, and it could have no properties that take another item as value. For properties you would use link elements (if the value is a URI) and meta elements (if the value is not a URI).
So it would have to be (omitting the headline property, because it’s not allowed for Product):
<head itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Product">
<meta content="…" itemprop="description"/>
<link href="…" itemprop="image"/>
</head>
That’s pretty limited. So, if you want to use Microdata (or RDFa), you most likely want to make use of the whole document (html, head and body). The whole point of using Microdata/RDFa is to make use of your existing content, without having to duplicate it. If you don’t want to "annotate" your existing content, you could use JSON-LD and simply provide all properties in a script element, e.g., in the head.
About the missing name property: If Google’s Structured Data Testing Tool says that a property is missing, it just means that Google won’t do something with your markup if it’s missing. It does not mean that the code would be invalid without it, as Schema.org has no required properties.
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